Uk Border Agency Landing Card Pdf ->>->>->> Uk,Border,Agency,Landing,Card,Pdf,Converter.,UpdateStar,is,compatible,with,Windows,platforms.,UpdateStar.

• Us Landing Card Form
• Uk Border Agency Landing Card Pdf Printer Download

• UK border control - passport checks. You will not need a landing card at some UK airports. You may be allowed into the UK temporarily (usually for up to a week) but your passport will be.
• Uk Border Agency Landing Card Pdf Writer. 3/6/2018 0 Comments Dear UK Border Agency UK is currently in breach of Article 5(2) of Directive 2004/38 by requiring third country nationals who are family members of EU citizens residing in another EU country to obtain visa (called “EEA family permit”) in order to enter the UK.

A visa (from the Latincharta visa, meaning 'paper that has been seen')^[1] is a conditional authorisation granted by a territory to a foreigner, allowing them to enter, remain within, or to leave that territory. Visas typically may include limits on the duration of the foreigner's stay, areas within the country they may enter, the dates they may enter, the number of permitted visits or an individual's right to work in the country in question. Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter a territory and thus are, in most countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter and remain in the country. In each instance, a visa is subject to entry permission by an immigration official at the time of actual entry, and can be revoked at any time. A visa most commonly takes the form of a sticker endorsed in the applicant's passport or other travel document.

Historically, immigration officials were empowered to permit or reject entry of visitors on arrival at the frontiers. If permitted entry, the official would issue a visa, when required, which would be a stamp in a passport. Today, travellers wishing to enter another country must often apply in advance for what is also called a visa, sometimes in person at a consular office, by post or over the internet. The modern visa may be a sticker or a stamp in the passport, or may take the form of a separate document or an electronic record of the authorisation, which the applicant can print before leaving home and produce on entry to the visited territory. Some countries do not require visitors to apply for a visa in advance for short visits.

Visa applications in advance of arrival give countries a chance to consider the applicant's circumstances, such as financial security, reason for travel, and details of previous visits to the country. Visitors may also be required to undergo and pass security or health checks upon arrival at the port of entry.Some countries require that their citizens, as well as foreign travellers, obtain an 'exit visa' to be allowed to leave the country.^[2]

Uniquely, the Norwegian special territory of Svalbard is an entirely visa-free zone under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty.Some countries—such as those in the Schengen Area—have agreements with other countries allowing each other's citizens to travel between them without visas. The World Tourism Organization announced that the number of tourists requiring a visa before travelling was at its lowest level ever in 2015.^[3][4]

• 3Types
  • 3.1By purpose
  • 3.2By method of issue
• 5Visa extensions
• 9Common visas
• 10Exit visas
  • 10.3The Americas
• 11Visa restrictions
• 12Non-visa restrictions

History[edit]

In western Europe in the late 19th century and early 20th century, passports and visas were not generally necessary for moving from one country to another. The relatively high speed and large movements of people travelling by train would have caused bottlenecks if regular passport controls had been used.^[5] Passports and visas became usually necessary as travel documents only after World War I.^[6]

Long before that, in ancient times, passports and visas were usually the same type of travel documents. In the modern world, visas have become separate secondary travel documents, with passports acting as the primary travel documents.

Conditions of issue[edit]

Some visas can be granted on arrival or by prior application at the country's embassy or consulate, or through a private visa service specialist who is specialised in the issuance of international travel documents. These agencies are authorised by the foreign authority, embassy, or consulate to represent international travellers who are unable or unwilling to travel to the embassy and apply in person. Private visa and passport services collect an additional fee for verifying customer applications, supporting documents, and submitting them to the appropriate authority. If there is no embassy or consulate in one's home country, then one would have to travel to a third country (or apply by post) and try to get a visa issued there. Alternatively, in such cases visas may be pre-arranged for collection on arrival at the border. The need or absence of need of a visa generally depends on the citizenship of the applicant, the intended duration of the stay, and the activities that the applicant may wish to undertake in the country he visits; these may delineate different formal categories of visas, with different issue conditions.

The issuing authority, usually a branch of the country's foreign ministry or department (e.g. U.S. State Department), and typically consular affairs officers, may request appropriate documentation from the applicant. This may include proof that the applicant is able to support himself in the host country (lodging, food), proof that the person hosting the applicant in his or her home really exists and has sufficient room for hosting the applicant, proof that the applicant has obtained health and evacuation insurance, etc. Some countries ask for proof of health status, especially for long-term visas; some countries deny such visas to persons with certain illnesses, such as AIDS. The exact conditions depend on the country and category of visa. Notable examples of countries requiring HIV tests of long-term residents are Russia^[7] and Uzbekistan.^[8] In Uzbekistan, however, the HIV test requirement is sometimes not strictly enforced.^[8] Other countries require a medical test that includes an HIV test, even for a short-term tourism visa. For example, Cuban citizens and international exchange students require such a test approved by a medical authority to enter Chilean territory.

The issuing authority may also require applicants to attest that they have no criminal convictions, or that they not participate in certain activities (like prostitution or drug trafficking). Some countries will deny visas if travellers' passports show evidence of citizenship of, or travel to, a country that is considered hostile by that country. For example, some Arabic-oriented countries will not issue visas to nationals of Israel and those whose passports bear evidence of visiting Israel.

Many countries frequently demand strong evidence of intent to return to the home country, if the visa is for a temporary stay, due to potential unwanted illegal immigration.

Types[edit]

Each country typically has a multitude of categories of visas with various names. The most common types and names of visas include:

By purpose[edit]

Transit visas[edit]

For passing through the country of issue to a destination outside that country. Validity of transit visas are usually limited by short terms such as several hours to ten days depending on the size of the country or the circumstances of a particular transit itinerary.

• Airside transit visa, required by some countries for passing through their airports even without going through passport control.
• Crew member, steward or driver visa, issued to persons employed or trained on aircraft, vessels, trains, trucks, buses and any other means of international transportation, or ships fishing in international waters.

Short-stay or visitor visas[edit]

For short visits to the visited country. Many countries differentiate between different reasons for these visits, such as:

• Private visa, for private visits by invitation from residents of the visited country.
• Tourist visa, for a limited period of leisure travel, no business activities allowed.
• Visa for medical reasons, for undertaking diagnostics or a course of treatment in the visited country's hospitals or other medical facilities.
• Business visa, for engaging in commerce in the country. These visas generally preclude permanent employment, for which a work visa would be required.
• Working holiday visa, for individuals travelling between nations offering a working holiday program, allowing young people to undertake temporary work while travelling.
• Athletic or artistic visa, issued to athletes and performing artists (and their supporting staff) performing at competitions, concerts, shows and other events.
  • Cultural exchange visa, usually issued to athletes and performing artists participating in a cultural exchange program.
• Refugee visa, issued to persons fleeing the dangers of persecution, a war or a natural disaster.
• Pilgrimage visa: this type of visa is mainly issued to those intending to visit religious destinations, as for example in Saudi Arabia or Iran, and to take part in particular religious ceremonies. Such visas can usually be obtained relatively quickly and at low cost; those using them are usually permitted to travel only as a group, however. The best example is Hajj visas for Saudi Arabia.^[9]
• Digital nomad visa, for digital nomads who want to temporarily reside in a country while performing remote work. Thailand launched its SMART Visa, targeted at high expertise foreigners and entrepreneurs to stay a longer time in Thailand, with online applications for the visa being planned for late 2018.^[10]Estonia has also announced plans for a digital nomad visa, after the launch of its e-Residency program.^[11]

Long-stay visas[edit]

Visas valid for long term stays of a specific duration include:

• Student visa (F-1 in the United States), which allows its holder to study at an institution of higher learning in the issuing country. The F-2 visa allows the student's dependents to accompany them in the United States.
  • Research visa, for students doing fieldwork in the host country.
• Temporary worker visa, for approved employment in the host country. These are generally more difficult to obtain but valid for longer periods of time than a business visa. Examples of these are the United States' H-1B and L-1 visas. Depending on a particular country, the status of temporary worker may or may not evolve into the status of permanent resident or to naturalization.
  • Journalist visa, which some countries require of people in that occupation when travelling for their respective news organizations. Countries that insist on this include Cuba, China, Iran, Japan, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, the United States (I-visa) and Zimbabwe.
• Residence visa, granted to people obtaining long-term residence in the host country. In some countries, such as New Zealand, long-term residence is a necessary step to obtain the status of a permanent resident.
• Asylum visa, issued to people who have suffered or reasonably fear persecution in their own country due to their political activities or opinion, or features, or association with a social group; or were exiled from their own country.

Immigrant visas[edit]

Granted for those intending to settle permanently in the issuing country (obtain the status of a permanent resident with a prospect of possible naturalization in the future):

• Spouse visa or partner visa, granted to the spouse, civil partner or de facto partner of a resident or citizen of a given country to enable the couple to settle in that country.
• Marriage visa, granted for a limited period before intended marriage or civil partnership based on a proven relationship with a citizen of the destination country. For example, a German woman wishing to marry an American man would obtain a Fiancée Visa (also known as a K-1 visa) to allow her to enter the United States. A K1 Fiancée Visa is valid for four months from the date of its approval.^[12]
• Pensioner visa (also known as retiree visa or retirement visa), issued by a limited number of countries (Australia, Argentina, Thailand, Panama, etc.), to those who can demonstrate a foreign source of income and who do not intend to work in the issuing country. Age limits apply in some cases.

Official visas[edit]

These are granted to officials doing jobs for their governments, or otherwise representing their countries in the host country, such as the personnel of diplomatic missions.

• Diplomatic visas are normally only available to bearers of diplomatic passports.
• Courtesy visas are issued to representatives of foreign governments or international organizations who do not qualify for diplomatic status but do merit expedited, courteous treatment – an example of this is Australia'sspecial purpose visa.

By method of issue[edit]

Normally visa applications are made at and collected from a consulate, embassy or other diplomatic mission.

On-arrival visas[edit]

(Also known as visa on arrival, VOA), granted at a port of entry. This is distinct from not requiring a visa at all, as the visitor must still obtain the visa before they can even try to pass through immigration.

• Almost all countries will consider issuing a visa (or another document to the same effect) on arrival to a visitor arriving in unforeseen exceptional circumstances, for example:
  • Under provisions of article 35 of the Schengen Visa Code,^[13] a visa may be issued at a border in situations such as the diversion of a flight causing air passengers in transit to pass through two or more airports instead of one. In 2010, Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted, causing significant disruption of air travel throughout Europe, and the EU responded by announcing that it would issue visas at land borders to stranded travellers.
  • Under section 212(d)(4) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act,^[14] visa waivers can be issued to travellers arriving at American ports of entry in emergency situations or under other conditions.
  • Certain international airports in Russia have consuls on-duty, who have the power to issue visas on the spot.
• Some countries issue visas on arrival to special categories of travellers, such as seafarers or air crew.
• Some countries issue them to regular visitors; there often are restrictions, for example:
  • Belarus issues visas on arrival in Minsk international airport only to nationals of countries where there is no consular representation of Belarus.
  • Thailand only issues visas on arrival at certain border checkpoints. The most notable crossing where visas on arrival are not issued is the Padang Besar checkpoint for passenger trains between Malaysia and Thailand.
  • Russia issues visas on arrival for short visits to its Western exclave, Kaliningrad Oblast.

Electronic visas[edit]

An electronic visa (e-Visa or eVisa) is stored in a computer and is linked to the passport number so no label, sticker or stamp is placed in the passport before travel. The application is done over the internet.

Authorities of Equatorial Guinea,^[62]Japan,^[63]Kazakhstan,^[64]Laos,^[65]Liberia,^[66]Madagascar,^[67]Saudi Arabia,^[68]South Africa^[69] and Tunisia^[70] have announced plans to introduce electronic visas in 2019.

These lists are not exhaustive. Some countries may have more detailed classifications of some of these categories reflecting the nuances of their respective geographies, social conditions, economies, international treaties, etc.

A visa is an advance permission to visit a country, introduced for security reasons. Some countries demand an advance authorisation obtained over the internet, which are not defined as visas.

• Canada requires all international visitors arriving by air who do not require a visa, except for United States nationals, to apply for an Electronic Travel Authorisation (or eTA) before arrival.
• The United States has an internet system called Electronic System for Travel Authorisation (or ESTA), but this is a security pre-screening only and does not technically qualify as a visa under US immigration law.
• The European Union is planning to adopt a system known as the European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) for all non-EU citizens who are currently visa-exempt prior to their travel, to be implemented in 2020.^[71]
• From 1 July 2019 visitors from all of the 60 Visa Waiver countries will require a New Zealand electronic Travel Authority or NZeTA. A toolkit for airlines and travel agents and the detailed requirements can be downloaded from the Immigration New Zealand website^[72][73].

Entry and duration period[edit]

Visas can also be single-entry, which means the visa is cancelled as soon as the holder leaves the country; double-entry, or multiple-entry, which permits double or multiple entries into the country with the same visa. Countries may also issue re-entry permits that allow temporarily leaving the country without invalidating the visa. Even a business visa will normally not allow the holder to work in the host country without an additional work permit.

Once issued, a visa will typically have to be used within a certain period of time.

With some countries, the validity of a visa is not the same as the authorised period of stay. The visa validity then indicates the time period when entry is permitted into the country. For example, if a visa has been issued to begin on January 1 and to expire on March 30, and the typical authorised period of stay in a country is 90 days, then the 90-day authorised stay starts on the day the passenger enters the country (entrance has to be between 1 January and 30 March). Thus, the latest day the traveller could conceivably stay in the issuing country is 1 July (if the traveller entered on 30 March). This interpretation of visas is common in the Americas.

With other countries, a person may not stay beyond the period of validity of their visa, which is usually set within the period of validity of their passport. The visa may also limit the total number of days the visitor may spend in the applicable territory within the period of validity. This interpretation of visa periods is common in Europe.

Once in the country, the validity period of a visa or authorised stay can often be extended for a fee at the discretion of immigration authorities. Overstaying a period of authorised stay given by the immigration officers is considered illegal immigration even if the visa validity period isn't over (i.e., for multiple entry visas) and a form of being 'out of status' and the offender may be fined, prosecuted, deported, or even blacklisted from entering the country again.

Entering a country without a valid visa or visa exemption may result in detention and removal (deportation or exclusion) from the country. Undertaking activities that are not authorised by the status of entry (for example, working while possessing a non-worker tourist status) can result in the individual being deemed liable for deportation—commonly referred to as an illegal alien. Such violation is not a violation of a visa, despite the common misuse of the phrase, but a violation of status; hence the term 'out of status'.

Even having a visa does not guarantee entry to the host country. The border crossing authorities make the final determination to allow entry, and may even cancel a visa at the border if the alien cannot demonstrate to their satisfaction that they will abide by the status their visa grants them.

Some countries that do not require visas for short stays may require a long-stay visa for those who intend to apply for a residence permit. For example, the EU does not require a visa of citizens of many countries for stays under 90 days, but its member states require a long-stay visa of such citizens for longer stays.

Visa extensions[edit]

Many countries have a mechanism to allow the holder of a visa to apply to extend a visa. In Denmark, a visa holder can apply to the Danish Immigration Service for a Residence Permit after they have arrived in the country. In the United Kingdom, applications can be made to UK Visas and Immigration.

In certain circumstances, it is not possible for the holder of the visa to do this, either because the country does not have a mechanism to prolong visas or, most likely, because the holder of the visa is using a short stay visa to live in a country.

Visa run[edit]

Some foreign visitors sometimes engage in what is known as a visa run: leaving a country—usually to a neighbouring country—for a short period just before the permitted length of stay expires, then returning to the first country to get a new entry stamp in order to extend their stay ('reset the clock'). Despite the name, a visa run is usually done with a passport that can be used for entry without a visa.

Us Landing Card Form

Materi peluang matematika kelas xi ipa. Visa runs are frowned upon by immigration authorities, as such acts may signify that the foreigner wishes to reside permanently and might also work in that country; purposes that visitors are prohibited from engaging in and usually require an immigrant visa or a work visa. Immigration officers may deny re-entry to visitors suspected of engaging in prohibited activities, especially when they have done repeated visa runs and have no evidence of spending reasonable time in their home countries or countries where they have the right to reside and work.

To combat visa runs, some countries have limits on how long visitors can spend in the country without a visa, as well as how much time they have to stay out before 'resetting the clock'. For example, Schengen countries impose a maximum limit for visitors of 90 days in any 180-day period. Some countries do not 'reset the clock' when a visitor comes back after visiting a neighbouring country. For example, the United States does not give visitors a new period of stay when they come back from visiting Canada, Mexico or the Caribbean; instead they are readmitted to the United States for the remaining days granted on their initial entry. Some other countries, e.g. Thailand, allow visitors who arrive by land from neighbouring countries a shorter length of stay than those who arrive by air.

In some cases, a visa run is necessary to activate new visas or change the immigration status of a person. An example would be leaving a country and then returning immediately to activate a newly issued work visa before a person can legally work.

Visa refusal[edit]

In general, an applicant may be refused a visa if he or she does not meet the requirements for admission or entry under that country's immigration laws. More specifically, a visa may be denied or refused when the applicant:

• has committed fraud, deception or misrepresentation in his or her current application as well as in a previous application
• has obtained a criminal record, has been arrested, or has criminal charges pending
• is considered to be a threat to national security
• does not have a good moral character
• has previous visa/immigration violations (even if the violations didn't happen in the country the applicant is seeking a visa for)
• had their previous visa application(s) or application for immigration benefits refused and cannot prove that the reasons for the previous refusals no longer exist or are not applicable any more (even if the refusals didn't previously happen in the country the applicant is seeking a visa for)
• cannot prove to have strong ties to their current country of nationality or residence (for those who are applying for temporary or non-immigrant visas)
• intends to reside or work permanently in the country she/he will visit if not applying for an immigrant or work visa respectively
• fails to demonstrate intent to return (for non-immigrants)
• fails to provide sufficient evidence/documents to prove eligibility for the visa sought after
• does not have a legitimate reason for the journey
• does not have adequate means of financial support for themselves or family
• does not have adequate medical insurance, especially if engaging in high risk activities (e.g. rock climbing, skiing, etc)
• does not have travel arrangements (i.e. transport and lodging) in the destination country
• does not have health/travel insurance valid for the destination and the duration of stay
• is a citizen of a country to which the destination country is hostile or at war with
• has previously visited, or intends to visit, a country to which the destination country is hostile
• has a communicable disease, such as tuberculosis or ebola, or a sexually transmitted disease
• has a passport that expires too soon
• didn't use a previously issued visa at all without a valid reason (e.g., a trip cancellation due to a family emergency)

Even if a traveller does not need a visa, the aforementioned criteria can also be used by border control officials to refuse the traveller entry into the country in question.

Visa policies[edit]

The main reasons states impose visa restrictions on foreign nationals are to curb illegal immigration, security concerns, and reciprocity for visa restrictions imposed on their own nationals. Typically, nations impose visa restrictions on citizens of poorer countries, along with politically unstable and undemocratic ones, as it is considered more likely that people from these countries will seek to illegally immigrate. Visa restrictions may also be imposed when nationals of another country are perceived as likelier to be terrorists or criminals, or by autocratic regimes that perceive foreign influence to be a threat to their rule.^[74][75] According to Professor Eric Neumayer of the London School of Economics:

'The poorer, the less democratic and the more exposed to armed political conflict the target country is, the more likely that visa restrictions are in place against its passport holders. The same is true for countries whose nationals have been major perpetrators of terrorist acts in the past'.^[74]

Some countries apply the principle of reciprocity in their visa policy. A country's visa policy is called 'reciprocal' if it imposes visa requirement against citizens of all the countries that impose visa requirements against its own citizens. The opposite is rarely true: a country rarely lifts visa requirements against citizens of all the countries that also lift visa requirements against its own citizens, unless a prior bilateral agreement has been made.

A fee may be charged for issuing a visa; these are often also reciprocal—hence, if country A charges country B's citizens US$50 for a visa, country B will often also charge the same amount for country A's visitors. The fee charged may also be at the discretion of each embassy. A similar reciprocity often applies to the duration of the visa (the period in which one is permitted to request entry of the country) and the number of entries one can attempt with the visa. Other restrictions, such as requiring fingerprints and photographs, may also be reciprocated. Expedited processing of the visa application for some countries will generally incur additional charges.

Government authorities usually impose administrative entry restrictions on foreign citizens in three ways - countries whose nationals may enter without a visa, countries whose nationals may obtain a visa on arrival and countries whose nationals require a visa in advance. Nationals who require a visa in advance are usually advised to obtain them at a diplomatic mission of their destination country. Several countries allow nationals of countries that require a visa to obtain them online.

The following table lists visa policies of all countries by the number of foreign nationalities that may enter that country for tourism without a visa or by obtaining a visa on arrival with normal passport. It also notes countries that issue electronic visas to certain nationalities. Symbol '+' indicates a country that limits the visa-free regime negatively by only listing nationals who require a visa, thus the number represents the number of UN member states reduced by the number of nationals who require a visa and '+' stands for all possible non-UN member state nationals that might also not require a visa. 'N/A' indicates countries that have contradictory information on its official websites or information supplied by the Government to IATA. Some countries that allow visa on arrival do so only at a limited number of entry points. Some countries such as the European Union member states have a qualitatively different visa regime between each other as it also includes freedom of movement.

The following table is current as of 1 March 2018. Source:^[76]

Visa exemption agreements[edit]

Possession of a valid visa is a condition for entry into many countries, and exemption schemes exist. In some cases visa-free entry may be granted to holders of diplomatic passports even as visas are required by normal passport holders (see: Passport).

Some countries have reciprocal agreements such that a visa is not needed under certain conditions, e.g., when the visit is for tourism and for a relatively short period. Such reciprocal agreements may stem from common membership in international organizations or a shared heritage:

• All citizens of European Union (EU) and EFTA member countries can travel to and stay in all other EU and EFTA countries without a visa. See Four Freedoms (European Union) and Citizenship of the European Union.
• The United States Visa Waiver Program allows citizens of 38 countries to travel to the United States without a visa (although a pre-trip entry permission, ESTA, is needed).^[80]
• Any Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) citizen can enter and stay as long as required in any other GCC member state.
• All citizens of members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), excluding those defined by law as undesirable aliens, may enter and stay without a visa in any member state for a maximum period of 90 days. The only requirement is a valid travel document and international vaccination certificates.^[81]
• Nationals of the East African Community member states do not need visas for entry into any of the member states.^[82][83][84]
• Some countries in the Commonwealth do not require tourist visas of citizens of other Commonwealth countries.
• Citizens of member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations do not require tourist visas to visit another member state, with the exception of Myanmar. Until 2009, Burmese citizens were required to have visas to enter all other ASEAN countries. Following the implementation of visa exemption agreements with the other ASEAN countries, in 2016 Burmese citizens are only required to have visas to enter Malaysia and Singapore. Myanmar and Singapore had agreed on a visa exemption scheme set to be implemented on 1 December 2016.^[85] ASEAN citizens are entitled to use the Burmese visa on arrival facility.
• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) member states mutually allow their citizens to enter visa-free, at least for short stays. There are exceptions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, and between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
• Nepal and India allow their citizens to enter, live and work in each other's countries due to the Indo-Nepal friendship treaty of 1951. Indians do not require a visa or passport to travel to Bhutan and are only required to obtain passes at the border checkpoints, whilst Bhutan nationals holding a valid Bhutanese passport are authorised to enter India without a visa.

Other countries may unilaterally grant visa-free entry to nationals of certain countries to facilitate tourism, promote business, or even to cut expenses on maintaining consular posts abroad.

Some of the considerations for a country to grant visa-free entry to another country include (but are not limited to):^{[citation needed]}

• being a low security risk for the country potentially granting visa-free entry
• diplomatic relationship between two countries
• conditions in the visitor's home country as compared to the host country
• having a low risk of overstaying or violating visa terms in the country potentially granting visa-free entry

To have a smaller worldwide diplomatic staff, some countries rely on other country's (or countries') judgments when issuing visas. For example, Mexico allows citizens of all countries to enter without Mexican visas if they possess a valid American visa that has already been used. Costa Rica accepts valid visas of Schengen/EU countries, Canada, Japan, South Korea and the United States (if valid for at least 3 months on date of arrival). The ultimate example of such reliance is Andorra, which imposes no visa requirements of its own because it has no international airport and is inaccessible by land without passing through the territory of either France or Spain and is thus 'protected' by the Schengen visa system.

Visa-free travel between countries also occurs in all cases where passports (or passport-replacing documents such as laissez-passer) are not needed for such travel. (For examples of passport-free travel, see International travel without passports.)

As of 2019, the Henley & Partners passport index ranks the Japanese, Singaporean and South Korean passports as the ones with the most visa exemptions by other nations, allowing holders of those passports to visit 189 countries without obtaining a visa in advance of arrival.^[86]However, as of 6 June 2019,the Passport Index ranks the United Arab Emirates passport as the one with the most visa exemptions by other nations, allowing holders of this passport to visit 173 countries^[87] without obtaining a visa in advance of arrival.

Common visas[edit]

Normally, visas are valid for entry only into the country that issued the visa. Countries that are members of regional organizations or party to regional agreements may, however, issue visas valid for entry into some or all of the member states of the organization or agreement:

• The Schengen Visa is a visa for the Schengen Area, which consists of most of the European Economic Area, plus several other adjacent countries. The visa allows visitors to stay in the Schengen Area for up to 90 days within a 180-day period. The visa is valid for tourism, family visits, and business.
• The Central American Single Visa (Visa Única Centroamericana) is a visa for Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. It was implemented by the CA-4 agreement. It allows citizens of those four countries free access to other member countries. It also allows visitors to any member country to enter another member country without having to obtain another visa.

Possible common visa schemes[edit]

Potentially, there are new common visa schemes:

• An ASEAN common visa scheme has been considered with Thailand and the 'CLMV' countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam opting in earlier. After talk arose of a CLMV common visa,^[88] with Thailand being omitted, Thailand initiated and began implementation of a trial common visa with Cambodia, but cited security risks as the major hurdle. The trial run was delayed,^[89] but Thailand implemented a single visa scheme with Cambodia beginning on December 27, 2012, on a trial basis.^[90]
• A Gulf Cooperation Council single visa has been recommended as a study submitted to the council.^[91]
• The Pacific Alliance, which currently consists of Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, offer a common visa for tourism purposes only in order to make it easier for nationals from countries outside of the alliance to travel through these countries by not having to apply for multiple visas.^[92]
• An East African Single Tourist Visa is under consideration by the relevant sectoral authorities under the East African Community (EAC) integration program. If approved the visa will be valid for all five partner states in the EAC (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi). Under the proposal for the visa, any new East African single visa can be issued by any partner state's embassy. The visa proposal followed an appeal by the tourist boards of the partner states for a common visa to accelerate promotion of the region as a single tourist destination and the EAC Secretariat wants it approved before November's World Travel Fair (or World Travel Market) in London.^[93] When approved by the East African council of ministers, tourists could apply for one country's entry visa, which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative.^[94] This is considered also by COMESA.
• The SADC UNIVISA (or Univisa) has been in development since Southern African Development Community (SADC) members signed a Protocol on the Development of Tourism in 1998. The Protocol outlined the Univisa as an objective so as to enable the international and regional entry and travel of visitors to occur as smoothly as possible.^{[citation needed]} It was expected to become operational by the end of 2002.^[95] Its introduction was delayed and a new implementation date, the end of 2006, was announced.^[96] The univisa was originally intended to only be available, initially, to visitors from selected 'source markets' including Australia, the Benelux countries, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.^[95] It is now expected that when the Univisa is implemented, it will apply to non-SADC international (long-haul) tourists travelling to and within the region and that it will encourage multi - destination travel within the region. It is also anticipated that the Univisa will enlarge tourist market for transfrontier parks by lowering the boundaries between neighbouring countries in the parks. The visa is expected to be valid for all the countries with trans frontier parks (Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe) and some other SADC countries (Angola and Swaziland).^[97] As of 2017, universal visa is implemented by Zambia and Zimbabwe. Nationals of 65 countries and territories are eligible for visa on arrival that is valid for both countries. This visa is branded KAZA Uni-visa programme after Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA). It is expected that other SADC countries will join the programme in the future.^[98]

Previous common visa schemes[edit]

These schemes no longer operate.

• The CARICOM Visa was introduced in late 2006 and allowed visitors to travel between 10 CARICOM member states (Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago). These ten member countries had agreed to form a 'Single Domestic Space' in which travellers would only have their passport stamped and have to submit completed, standardised entry and departure forms at the first port and country of entry. The CARICOM Visa was applicable to the nationals of all countries except CARICOM member states (other than Haiti) and associate member states, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the overseas countries, territories or departments of these countries. The CARICOM Visa could be obtained from the Embassies/Consulates of Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago and in countries that have no CARICOM representatives, the applications forms could be obtained from the embassies and consulates of the United Kingdom. The common visa was only intended for the duration of the 2007 Cricket World Cup and was discontinued on May 15, 2007. Discussions are ongoing into instituting a revised CARICOM visa on a permanent basis in the future.
• A predecessor of the Schengen common visa was the Benelux visa. Visas issued by Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg were valid for all the three countries.

Exit visas[edit]

Asia[edit]

Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates all have an exit visa requirement for alien foreign workers. This is part of their kafala work visa sponsorship system. Consequently, at the end of a foreign worker's employment period, the worker must secure clearance from their employer stating that the worker has satisfactorily fulfilled the terms of their employment contract or that the worker's services are no longer needed. The exit visa can also be withheld if there are pending court charges that need to be settled or penalties that have to be meted out. In September 2018, Qatar lifted the exit visa requirement for most workers.^[99]

Nepal requires its citizens emigrating to the United States on an H-1B visa to present an exit permit issued by the Nepali Ministry of Labour. This document is called a work permit and needs to be presented to Nepali immigration to leave Nepal.^[100]

Uzbekistan was the last remaining countries of the former USSR that required an exit visa, which was valid for a two-year period. The practice was abolished in 2019.^[101] There had been explicit United Nations complaint about this practice.^[102]

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) requires that its citizens obtain an exit visa stating the traveller's destination country and time to be spent abroad before leaving the country. Additionally, North Korean authorities also require North Korean citizens obtain a re-entry visa from a North Korean embassy or North Korean mission abroad before being allowed back into North Korea.

The government of the People's Republic of China requires its citizens to obtain a two-way permit, issued by the People's Republic of China's authorities, prior to visiting to Hong Kong or Macau. The two-way permit is a de facto exit visa for Hong Kong- or Macau-bound trips for citizens of the People's Republic of China.

Singapore operates an Exit Permit scheme in order to enforce the national service obligations of its male citizens and permanent residents.^[103] Requirements vary according to age and status:^[104]

Taiwan^[106] and South Korea, two countries currently enforcing conscription, require draftees to register with local immigration office before short-term international travels and studies.

Europe[edit]

During the Fascist period in Italy, an exit visa was required from 1922 to 1943. Nazi Germany required exit visas from 1933 to 1945.^[107]

The Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies required exit visas both for emigration and for those who wanted to leave the Soviet Union for a shorter period.

Some countries, including the Czech Republic,^[108] require that an alien who needs a visa on entry be in possession of a valid visa upon exit. To satisfy this formal requirement, exit visas sometimes need to be issued. Russia requires an exit visa if a visitor stays past the expiration date of their visa. They must then extend their visa or apply for an exit visa and are not allowed to leave the country until they show a valid visa or have a permissible excuse for overstaying their visa (e.g., a note from a doctor or a hospital explaining an illness, missed flight, lost or stolen visa). In some cases, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs can issue a return-Home certificate that is valid for ten days from the embassy of the visitor's native country, thus eliminating the need for an exit visa.

A foreign citizen granted a temporary residence permit in Russia needs a temporary resident visa to take a trip abroad (valid for both exit and return). It is also colloquially called an exit visa. Not all foreign citizens are subject to that requirement. Citizens of Germany, for example, do not require this exit visa.

The Americas[edit]

The government of Cuba announced in October 2012 its plans to remove exit visa requirements to be effective January 14, 2013, albeit with some exceptions.^[109]

Guatemala requires any foreigner who is a permanent resident to apply for a multiple 5-year exit visa.

United States of America[edit]

The United States of America does not require exit visas. Since October 1, 2007, however, the U.S. government requires all foreign and U.S. nationals departing the United States by air to hold a valid passport (or certain specific passport-replacing documents). Even though travellers might not require a passport to enter a certain country, they will require a valid passport booklet (booklet only, U.S. Passport Card not accepted) to depart the United States in order to satisfy the U.S. immigration authorities.^[110] Exemptions to this requirement to hold a valid passport include:

• U.S. Permanent Resident/Resident Alien Card (Form I-551);
• U.S. Military ID Cards when travelling on official orders;
• U.S. Merchant Mariner Card;
• NEXUS Card;
• U.S. travel document:
  • Refugee Travel Document (Form I-571); or
  • Permit to Re-Enter (Form I-327)
• Emergency Travel Document (e.g. Consular Letter) issued by a foreign embassy or consulate specifically for the purpose of travel to the bearer's home country.
• Nationals of Mexico holding one of the following documents:
  • (expired) 'Matricula Consular'; or
  • Birth certificate with consular registration; or
  • Certificate of Nationality issued by a Mexican consulate abroad; or
  • Certificate of Military Duty (Cartilla Militar); or
  • Voter's Certificate (Credencial IFE or Credencial para Votar).

In addition, green card holders and certain other aliens must obtain a certificate of compliance (also known as a 'sailing permit' or 'departure permit') from the Internal Revenue Service proving that they are up-to-date with their US income tax obligations before they may leave the country.^[111] While the requirement has been in effect since 1921, it has not been stringently enforced, but in 2014 the House Ways and Means Committee has considered to begin enforcing the requirement as a way to increase tax revenues.^[112]

Visa restrictions[edit]

Henley & Partners[edit]

Henley & Partners annually compiles their Passport Index, which ranks passports according to the lack of visas required of their bearers. The index is based on the International Air Transport Association database.^[113]

The HPI consists of a ranking of passports according to how many other territories can be reached 'visa-free' (defined below). All distinct destination countries and territories in the IATA database are considered. However, since not all territories issue passports, there are far fewer passports to be ranked than destinations against which queries are made.^[114]

World Tourism Organization[edit]

The World Tourism Organization in its Visa Openness Report concluded that the 30 countries whose citizens were least affected by visa restrictions in 2015 were (based on the data compiled by the UNWTO, based on information from national official institutions):^[115]

The world average score in 2015 was 89, among advanced economies the average score was 154 and among emerging economies, 73 (Brazil scored 144, Russia 93, Indonesia 57, India 50 and China 46).

Non-visa restrictions[edit]

Passport validity length[edit]

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,^[116]Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,^[117]Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.^[118]

Turkey requires passports to be valid for at least 150 days upon entry.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Uk Border Agency Landing Card Pdf Printer Download

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom); Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland (all with an exception made for EEA and Swiss nationals). Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months validity upon arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens^[119][120] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).^[121]

Blank passport pages[edit]

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages.^[122] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination[edit]

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.^[123]

Israeli stamps[edit]

Kuwait,^[124] Lebanon,^[125] Libya,^[126] Saudi Arabia,^[127] Sudan,^[128] Syria,^[129] and Yemen^[130] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead that reads: 'Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories.' ^[131] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity[edit]

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan^[132][133] (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan).

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh^[134] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan^[135] and will be included in their 'list of personae non gratae'.^[136] As of January 2019, the list contains 795 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognized Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country.

Criminal record[edit]

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,^[137] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata[edit]

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

Biometrics[edit]

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest those travellers that refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.^[138]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,^[139][140] Argentina,^[141] Brunei, Cambodia,^[142] China,^[143] Ethiopia,^[144] Ghana, India, Japan^[145][146], Kenya (fingerprints and photo) ^[147], Malaysia upon entry and departure,^[148] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,^[149] Singapore, South Korea,^[150] Taiwan, Uganda^[151] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),^{[152][153][154]} intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.^[155]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports^[156] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.^[157][158] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.^[159] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at 3 land and maritime immigration checkpoints.^[160][161]

See also[edit]

• Electronic Travel Authority (Australia)
• Electronic System for Travel Authorization (US)

References[edit]

1. ^'visa Origin and meaning of visa by Online Etymology Dictionary'. http://www.etymonline.com.External link in website= (help)
2. ^B. S. Prakash (31 May 2006). 'Only an exit visa'. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
3. ^'Visa requirements for tourism eased around the world: UN agency'. 15 January 2016.
4. ^Visa Openness Report 2015 January 2016. 2016. doi:10.18111/9789284417384. ISBN9789284417384.
5. ^'History of passports - Passport Canada'. 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
6. ^Benedictus, Leo (17 November 2006). 'A brief history of the passport'. the Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
7. ^Canada, Gouvernement du Canada, Affaires étrangères et Commerce international. 'International.gc.ca'.
8. ^ ^abCanada, Gouvernement du Canada, Affaires étrangères et Commerce international. 'Affaires mondiales Canada - international.gc.ca'.
9. ^'Ministry of foreign affairs of Saudi Arabia - Pilgrimage visa'.
10. ^'Thailand 4-Year Smart Visa arrives next month- Few Digital Nomads should be covered – Moving Nomads'. movingnomads.com. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
11. ^'Estonia plans its Digital Nomad Visa - Enterprise Times'. Enterprise Times. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
12. ^'Immigrant Visa for a Spouse or Fiancé(e) of a U.S. Citizen'. travel.state.gov. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
13. ^https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:243:0001:0058:en:PDF
14. ^'Act 212(b) USCIS'. http://www.uscis.gov. Retrieved 14 February 2019.External link in website= (help)
15. ^'Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia - Visa On Arrival'. http://www.kemlu.go.id. Retrieved 25 March 2019.External link in website= (help)
16. ^[1]
17. ^[2]
18. ^'Republic of Armenia Electronic Visa System'. e-Visa. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
19. ^'Home'. http://www.abf.gov.au.External link in website= (help)
20. ^'The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic'. evisa.gov.az.
21. ^'Bahrain Visa Online Application'. Evisa.gov.bh. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
22. ^'Accueil e-visa'. evisa.gouv.bj.
23. ^'Brazil Visa Information In eVisa - Home Page'. http://www.vfsglobal.com.External link in website= (help)
24. ^'eVisa'. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.
25. ^'eVisa'. http://www.evisa.gouv.dj.External link in website= (help)
26. ^'Egypt e-Visa Portal'. Ministry of Interior (Egypt). Retrieved 3 December 2017.
27. ^'Ethiopian eVISA'. http://www.evisa.gov.et.External link in website= (help)
28. ^'Gabon e-Visa'. Direction Générale de la Documentation et de l'Immigration.
29. ^'Georgia e-VISA Portal'. http://www.evisa.gov.ge.External link in website= (help)
30. ^'Electronic Visa Application System - Guinea Bissau'. http://www.rgb-visa.com.External link in website= (help)
31. ^'Pre-arrival Registration for Indian Nationals Immigration Department'. http://www.immd.gov.hk.External link in website= (help)
32. ^'Indian e-Visa'. indianvisaonline.gov.in.
33. ^'Energie – SNEDAI GROUPE'. http://www.snedai.com.External link in website= (help)
34. ^'evisa.go.ke - Republic of Kenya Electronic Visa System'. evisa.go.ke.
35. ^'Kuwait e-Visa'.
36. ^'e-VISA'. evisa.e-gov.kg.
37. ^'visa lesotho tourism documents travel evisalesotho.com'. Lesotho E-Visa. 24 December 2014.
38. ^[3]
39. ^'Official Malaysia Visa'. http://www.windowmalaysia.my.External link in website= (help)
40. ^Migración, Instituto Nacional de. 'Sistema de Autorización Electrónica (SAE)'. gob.mx.
41. ^'Accès Maroc'. http://www.acces-maroc.ma.External link in website= (help)
42. ^Myanmar eVisa, Ministry of Immigration and Population
43. ^'Home - Evisa'. evisa.rop.gov.om.
44. ^[4]
45. ^'eVisa'. evisa.ica.gov.pg.
46. ^'http://www.Qatarvisaservice.com'. qatar.vfsevisa.com.External link in title= (help)
47. ^'HOME'. http://www.migration.gov.rw.External link in website= (help)
48. ^Izhikevich, Eugene (2006). 'Main Page'. Scholarpedia. 1 (2): 1. Bibcode:2006SchpJ..1..1I. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1.
49. ^eVisa STP
50. ^Submission of Application for Visa Electronically (SAVE), Government of Singapore
51. ^'Online Visa Application'. Department of Immigration and Emigration of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
52. ^Who can apply for E-Visa?
53. ^'Tajikistan e-Visa'. http://www.evisa.tj.External link in website= (help)
54. ^'Tanzania eVisa - Welcome'. eservices.immigration.go.tz.
55. ^'Visa On Arrival'. extranet.immigration.go.th.
56. ^'Uganda e-Visa'. visas.immigration.go.ug.
57. ^'Get an electronic visa waiver to enter the UK'. GOV.UK.
58. ^[5]
59. ^'Vietnam evisa - National portal on Immigration'. Vietnam Immigration Department.
60. ^'e-Services Zambia Immigration Department'. evisa.zambiaimmigration.gov.zm.
61. ^'eVisa Zimbabwe'. http://www.evisa.gov.zw.External link in website= (help)
62. ^'Meeting at Ministry for Culture on Tourist Visa Online National Office - Official Web Page of the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea'. http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com.External link in website= (help)
63. ^'Chinese tourists will be first in line for Japan's electronic visas'. South China Morning Post. 14 October 2018.
64. ^April 2018, Meruyert Abugaliyeva in International on 28 (28 April 2018). 'Kazakhstan to start issuing e-visas in July'.
65. ^Raffin, Sophie. 'Le Laos veut lancer un e-visa d'ici début 2019'. Deplacements Pros, le quotidien du business travel, du voyage d'affaires.
66. ^'Liberia: Un e-Visa pour aider le développement touristique du pays'. TourMaG.com, 1er journal des professionnels du tourisme francophone.
67. ^'eVisa Madagascar'. http://www.evisamada.gov.mg.External link in website= (help)
68. ^'Saudi Arabia: Eyeing on Issuing Tourist Visa and Online Application by 2018'.
69. ^Writer, Staff. 'Electronic visas to be piloted in South Africa'. businesstech.co.za.
70. ^Manager, African (11 July 2017). 'Le visa électronique fait son apparition fin 2017/début 2018 - African Manager'.
71. ^'European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) - Think Tank'. http://www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 15 March 2018.External link in website= (help)
72. ^'NZeTA communications toolkit Immigration New Zealand'. http://www.immigration.govt.nz. Retrieved 25 May 2019.External link in website= (help)
73. ^'Travelling to New Zealand — new requirements Immigration New Zealand'. http://www.immigration.govt.nz. Retrieved 25 May 2019.External link in website= (help)
74. ^ ^ab'Eprints.lse.ac.uk'(PDF).
75. ^'Study Finds Global Visa Curbs Increasingly Restrictive, Imbalanced'.
76. ^'Country information (visa section)'. Timatic. International Air Transport Association (IATA) through Olympic Air.
77. ^'Visit Visa / Entry Permit Requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Immigration Department'. http://www.immd.gov.hk.External link in website= (help)
78. ^'Indian Tourist Visa On Arrival'. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
79. ^Encompasses Schengen member states - Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland as well as Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania and countries without border controls - Monaco, San Marino, Vatican and a country accessible only via Schengen area - Andorra.
80. ^'Esta.cbp.dhs.gov'.
81. ^'ECOWAS Official Site'. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
82. ^'Tanzanian Embassy in France'. Archived from the original on 24 November 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
83. ^'Ugandan Visa'. Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
84. ^'Kenyahighcommission.net'.
85. ^'Myanmar, Singapore agree on visa exemption to boost tourism'. Bangkok Post. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
86. ^'The Henley & Partners Passport Index'(PDF). Henley & Partners Holdings Ltd. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. This graph shows the full Global Ranking of the 2019 Henley Passport Index. As the index uses dense ranking, in certain cases, a rank is shared by multiple countries because these countries all have the same level of visa-free or visa-on-arrival access.
87. ^'Global Passport Power Rank 2019'. Passport Index. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
88. ^'CLMV bloc inks tourism pact, mulls over single tourist visa - TTG Asia - Leader in Hotel, Airlines, Tourism and Travel Trade News'. TTG Asia. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
89. ^'Thailand-Cambodia joint visa delayed Bangkok Post: news'. Bangkok Post. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
90. ^IANS – Thu, Dec 27, 2012 (27 December 2012). 'Thai-Cambodia single visa for visitors - Yahoo News Maktoob'. En-maktoob.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 22 October 2013.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
91. ^'Single GCC tourism visa will boost visitor numbers — study'. GulfNews.com. 18 November 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
92. ^'México, Colombia, Chile y Perú crean la visa Alianza del Pacífico – CNN en Español: Ultimas Noticias de Estados Unidos, Latinoamérica y el Mundo, Opinión y Videos - CNN.com Blogs'. Cnnespanol.cnn.com. 24 May 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
93. ^'Single East African visa for tourists coming in November'. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008.
94. ^'East Africa geared for single tourist entry visa program'. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009.
95. ^ ^ab'SA teams vs local schools'.
96. ^'Southern African Migration Project (SAMP)'.
97. ^'Single visa proposed for southern Africa for 2010'. sagoodnews.co.za. Archived from the original on 24 September 2006.
98. ^'Zim, Zambia revive Kaza Uni-Visa - The Chronicle'. http://www.chronicle.co.zw.External link in website= (help)
99. ^'Qatar lifts controversial exit visa system for most workers'. Reuters. 4 September 2018.
100. ^'Department of Labour - Government Of Nepal'.
101. ^'Uzbekistan Scraps Exit Visas - Transitions Online'. http://www.tol.org.External link in website= (help)
102. ^'NGO REPORT On the implementation of the ICCPR'(PDF). April 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2010. Freedom of Movement (article 12): 'Exit visas and propiska violate not only international law such as the ICCPR, but also the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan'
103. ^'Enlistment Act'. s. 32,No. 25of1970.
104. ^'National Service: Exit permit requirements'. ecitizen.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
105. ^Amount equal to SGD 75,000 or 50% of the parents' combined annual income (whichever is greater), covered by a banker's guarantee.
106. ^'內政部役政署役男線上申請短期出境'. http://www.ris.gov.tw.External link in website= (help)
107. ^'Encarta.msn.com'. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
108. ^Act on the status of aliens in Czech Republic, §20
109. ^Cuba to end exit permits for foreign travel 16 October 2012
110. ^'Page 7 of IATA document accessed 5 December 2015 at'(PDF).
111. ^'11. Departing Aliens and the Sailing or Departure Permit'(PDF). Publication 519: U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens. Internal Revenue Service. 2015. pp. 50–52.
112. ^'IRS may step up focus on 'sailing permits''. Grant Thornton. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
113. ^'Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017'(PDF). Henley & Partners. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
114. ^Kalin, Christian H. Global Residence and Citizenship Handbook (5 ed.). Ideos Publications. pp. 147–148. ISBN978-3-9524052-7-7.
115. ^'Visa Openness Report 2016'(PDF). World Tourism Organization. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
116. ^Bahrain government website
117. ^'PASSPORTS AND VISA GoIsrael - the Official Website of Tourism to Israel'.
118. ^Timatic
119. ^'Foreign Affairs Manual, 9 FAM 403.9-3(B)(2) f'. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
120. ^'How long should my passport be valid when traveling to the United States?'(PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
121. ^'Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports'. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Republic of Turkey. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2018. Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports: 1. Germany – Passports expired within the last year / ID’s expired within the last year, 2. Belgium - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 3. France - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 4. Spain - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 5. Switzerland - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 6. Luxemburg - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 7. Portugal - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 8. Bulgaria – Valid ordinary passport
122. ^'Country Information'. Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
123. ^Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations; and malaria situation; and other vaccination requirement
124. ^'Travel Report - Kuwait'. Voyage.gc.ca. 16 November 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
125. ^Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and TradeArchived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine and Lebanese Ministry of TourismArchived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
126. ^'Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade'. Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
127. ^Michael Freund, Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel, 2008-12-07, Jerusalem Post
128. ^'Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade'. Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
129. ^Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and TradeArchived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine and Syrian Ministry of Tourism
130. ^'Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade'. Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
131. ^'Entry Requirements - Israel Travel Advice'. Foreign Travel Advice. Foreign & Commonwealth Office of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Retrieved 6 April 2019. Visitors entering via Ben Gurion airport are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp in their passport. While this practice is in place at other ports of entry, there have been instances where passports have been stamped for entry purposes. You should keep your entry card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories. If you’re refused entry into Israel, your passport may be stamped with an entry stamp and two red lines drawn across it to indicate the refusal.
132. ^Azerbaijan Country PageArchived 2009-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. NCSJ: Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia. Accessed 23 May 2010.
133. ^Azerbaijan doesn't allow Armenians in the country - Panarmenian.net
134. ^'Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ (advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia) accessed 23 May 2010'. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
135. ^'Warning for the foreign nationals wishing to travel to the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan'. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
136. ^'List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan'. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
137. ^Government of Canada -- Overcome criminal convictions
138. ^Calder, Simon (24 April 2017). 'Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers'. The Independent. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for travellers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently “strict requirements for travellers” in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.
139. ^'How to enter Afghanistan. The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports'. Countryreports.org.
140. ^Nordland, Rod (19 November 2011). 'In Afghanistan, Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data'. Nytimes.com.
141. ^'Argentina strengthens migratory control'. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
142. ^'Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements'. Us-passport-information.com.
143. ^'China to Start Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors'. Air Canada. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China’s ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted.
144. ^'Äthiopien: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise'. Auswaertiges-amt.de.
145. ^'Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move'. Reuters. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2017 – via Reuters.
146. ^'Anger as Japan moves to fingerprint foreigners - World'. Theage.com.au. 26 October 2007.
147. ^'Immigration & Visas FAQs'. Kenya Airports Authority. Retrieved 6 May 2019. Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry
148. ^'Malaysia'. CountryReports. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
149. ^'Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews'. secureidnews.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
150. ^F_161. 'S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People's Daily Online'. peopledaily.com.cn. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
151. ^AfricaNews (14 January 2019). 'Gemalto awarded Uganda's new e-Immigration solution with fast-track border crossing eKiosks at Entebbe Airport'. Africanews. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
152. ^Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). 'Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process'. Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved 25 April 2019. While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC’s 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet.. the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the “what if” stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
153. ^Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). 'U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border'. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
154. ^LIPTON, Eric (15 December 2006). 'Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave'. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
155. ^Campoy, Ana; Campoy, Ana. 'The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country'. Quartz. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
156. ^'ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition'(PDF). 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
157. ^'Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport'. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012.
158. ^'Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE'. SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn’t the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
159. ^Roberts, Jeff John (12 September 2016). 'Homeland Security Plans to Expand Fingerprint and Eye Scanning at Borders'. Fortune. Fortune Media IP Limited. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Unlike with documents, it’s very hard for a traveler to present a forged copy of a fingerprint or iris. That’s why the U.S. Department of Homeland Security plans to vastly expand the amount of biometric data it collects at the borders. According to Passcode, a new program will ramp up a process to scan fingers and eyes in order to stop people entering and exiting the country on someone else’s passport.
160. ^'Singapore tests eye scans at immigration checkpoints'. Reuters. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Singapore has started scanning travellers’ eyes at some of its border checkpoints, its immigration authority said on Monday, in a trial of expensive technology that could one day replace fingerprint verification.
161. ^Lee, Vivien (6 August 2018). '5 Reasons We Prefer Iris Scans To Fingerprint Checks At Our Borders In Singapore'. Retrieved 24 April 2019. The iris technology could potentially scan irises covertly, as opposed to the scanning of thumbprints which necessitates active participation from travellers.

Further reading[edit]

• United States Department of State, 'Report of the Visa Office', Visa Office, Immigrant Visa Control and Reporting Division
• United States Department of State, Nonimmigrant Visa Statistics

External links[edit]

• Travel visa at Curlie